2025 Agriculture Outlook: Interest Rates, Trade Risks, and Smart Strategies for Farmers

Key Takeaways

• Fed cutting rates, but rising yields signal market pushback
• Strong dollar and Brazil’s bumper crops pressure U.S. agriculture
• Trade policy, biofuels, and weather risks add to 2025 uncertainty

The Federal Reserve is cutting interest rates, but the bond market refuses to fall in line. In spite of the Fed’s best-laid plans, Treasury yields have refused a deeper contraction, suggesting investors aren’t convinced inflation is tamed - or that rate cuts alone will stabilize the economy.

The outcome of this contest of wills between policymakers and the market is poised to ripple through commodity prices, borrowing costs, and farm profitability.

For farmers and traders, this dynamic creates an environment where vigilance, adaptability, and an understanding of market forces will be key to staying ahead. Arlan Suderman, Chief Commodity Economist at StoneX, has spent decades deciphering these dynamics. He weighs in on these strong macro headwinds to plot a roadmap through the volatility.

The Fed vs. the Market: Why Interest Rate Cuts Aren’t Lowering Yields

As an example of the unusual economic relationships at play, since September the Fed has cut rates by 100 basis points; yet 10-year Treasury yields have climbed - at times trading up to 115 basis points higher. Markets, Suderman says, are pushing back. “Either there’s still too much stimulus, or the government’s borrowing needs are overwhelming demand for debt,” he explains. If yields continue rising, the Fed may be forced to adjust its strategy, even as it hopes to maintain its easing trajectory.

Rising U.S. Debt and Its Ripple Effect on Commodity Prices

Suderman sees the financial pressure – from U.S. national debt exceeding $36 trillion, and annual interest payments topping $1 trillion – squeezing credit markets and making capital more expensive for businesses. “The more the government borrows, the higher rates climb,” he says. For producers reliant on financing, this could mean tighter margins and fewer opportunities to lock in favorable rates.

How a Strong U.S. Dollar Is Hurting Farm Exports and What’s Next

And of course, someone is always waiting in the wings, looking for opportunities when U.S. exports become more expensive on the global market. Brazil, which has aggressively expanded soybean production, is benefiting from a more favorable exchange rate. “Brazilian farmers price soybeans off Chicago futures, just like Americans do,” Suderman says. “But their currency has weakened, making them much more competitive in global markets.” The result: U.S. soybeans struggle to compete, with Chinese buyers favoring cheaper South American supplies.

Trade Wars 2.0? How Tariffs Could Impact U.S. Agriculture in 2025

Trade policies remain a wildcard, especially under Trump 2.0, with Mexico, the largest importer of U.S. corn, in the crosshairs. “If tariffs disrupt trade, the impact on American agriculture could be significant,” Suderman warns. While past disputes have been resolved, each round of uncertainty rattles markets and makes long-term planning more difficult for farmers and agribusinesses alike.

Biofuels Uncertainty: What Expiring Incentives Mean for Farmers and Traders

The Biden administration’s Inflation Reduction Act revised biofuels subsidies, but execution has been slow. With key incentives set to expire at the end of 2024, producers are dealing with a mix of ‘known knowns’, ‘known unknowns’, and ‘unknown unknowns’. They know the current subsidies are set to end, but they don’t know whether new ones will replace them - or what form they might take. “No one wants to commit when they don’t know if they’ll be profitable,” Suderman explains. With biofuels demand closely tied to soybean and canola oil, this fog of uncertainty is already weighing on markets.

Drought Warning? Weather Patterns Point to 2012-Like Conditions in 2025

Weather remains an unpredictable force in agriculture. Cooler ocean temperatures in the Gulf of Alaska and Baja California have historically been precursors to dry Midwest summers. “If these patterns persist, it could set up conditions similar to 2012,” Suderman says. The key will be whether summer rains arrive in time to mitigate damage. Farmers will need to keep a close eye on forecasts and be prepared to adjust their strategies accordingly.

Brazil’s Record Crops: How South America Is Reshaping Global Agriculture

Brazil’s soybean crop is expected to hit 171.4 million metric tons, nearly 20 million more than last year. Argentina, meanwhile, has struggled with dryness, though recent rains could stabilize yields. A record harvest in Brazil could suppress global prices, a factor U.S. farmers must account for when making planting and selling decisions.

Farmers and Traders: Key Strategies to Manage Market Volatility in 2025

Given uncertainty in policy, weather, and trade, Suderman advises farmers to remain nimble. “Know your breakevens. Be ready to sell into price rallies. Understand your risk exposure,” he says. Commodity markets will continue to be driven by macroeconomic trends and shifting fundamentals, but those who stay informed and plan accordingly can find opportunities amid the volatility.

Inflation, Land Prices, and Input Costs: What Farmers Need to Know for 2025

With inflation lingering, money continues to flow into hard assets like farmland. Over the past decade, Suderman notes, inflation expectations and commodity prices have moved in tandem. “If inflation remains elevated, land values and input costs will follow,” he says. Producers should anticipate rising costs and take a proactive approach to financial planning.

The Bottom Line

Between rate cuts, trade policies, and climate risks, 2025 is shaping up to be unpredictable. Yet, those who stay informed and respond with well-timed decisions will be best positioned to navigate the turbulence. As Suderman puts it, “It’s a year for smart decision-making - watch the signals, and be ready to move.”

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---Written by: Andrew Catsimanes

---Expert: Arlan Suderman, Chief Commodities Economist

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